%PDF-1.4 %âãÏÓ 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 2 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 3 /Kids [5 0 R 7 0 R 9 0 R] >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Helvetica >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] /Resources << /Font << /F1 3 0 R /F2 4 0 R >> >> /Contents 6 0 R >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 5491 >> stream BT /F2 22 Tf 0.06 0.08 0.12 rg 1 0 0 1 46 789.89 Tm (How Internet of Things Technologies Helps HVAC) Tj ET BT /F2 22 Tf 0.06 0.08 0.12 rg 1 0 0 1 46 762.89 Tm (Systems) Tj ET BT /F2 11 Tf 0.72 0.14 0.18 rg 1 0 0 1 46 725.89 Tm (TechRounder PDF Edition) Tj ET BT /F1 9.5 Tf 0.36 0.39 0.46 rg 1 0 0 1 46 709.89 Tm (Live article: https://www.techrounder.com/technology/how-internet-of-things-technologies-helps-hvac-systems/) Tj ET q 0.82 0.85 0.9 RG 1 w 46 691.39 m 549.28 691.39 l S Q BT /F1 10 Tf 0.24 0.27 0.32 rg 1 0 0 1 46 679.39 Tm (By Vipin PG | Published May 26, 2022 | Updated March 8, 2026 | Format: Article | 6 min read) Tj ET BT /F2 13 Tf 0.72 0.14 0.18 rg 1 0 0 1 46 656.39 Tm (In brief) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 636.39 Tm (Centralized engineering support of buildings and structures began to be used even more than 100 -) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 621.39 Tm (150 years ago when the first heating boilers instead of wood-burning stoves and reservoirs for) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 606.39 Tm (water supply appeared in houses. Throughout recent history, building engineering has been) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 591.39 Tm (modernized every decade.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 566.39 Tm (Centralized engineering support of buildings and structures began to be used even more than 100 -) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 551.39 Tm (150 years ago when the first heating boilers instead of wood-burning stoves and reservoirs for) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 536.39 Tm (water supply appeared in houses. Throughout recent history, building engineering has been) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 521.39 Tm (modernized every decade. Thus, the first fans, supply and exhaust ventilation units, water heating) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 506.39 Tm (units, air conditioners, and air dryers appeared.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 484.39 Tm (The next step was the invention of automation systems, which turned primitive regulators into high-tech) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 469.39 Tm (modules. Today, Smart HVAC systems are becoming more widespread, which are based on the) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 454.39 Tm (Internet of things and provide both full automation and control over the state of engineering equipment) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 439.39 Tm (at home. Among other advantages, such automation modules also provide a rational use of energy) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 424.39 Tm (resources. This, in turn, entails cost savings for the facility owner.) Tj ET BT /F2 15 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 396.39 Tm (How does the Internet of Things work when integrated with HVAC?) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 372.39 Tm (In recent years, IoT has been increasingly used to automate household appliances and ensure control) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 357.39 Tm (over their smooth operation.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 335.39 Tm (The scanner, sensor, or transmitter is installed directly on any engineering equipment. The touch) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 320.39 Tm (screen, thermostat, keys, or other controls will allow you to set the desired temperature or turn on /) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 305.39 Tm (off the unit - a heating boiler, air conditioner, boiler, or other engineering equipment.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 283.39 Tm (When the consumer needs to lower or increase the temperature in the room, he enters the mobile) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 268.39 Tm (application on his smartphone or tablet and quickly changes the operation parameters. In this case, the) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 253.39 Tm (smartphone performs the role of an executive device that receives data from a physical object and) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 238.39 Tm (then signals the unit's state to the user and makes it possible to change the operating parameters.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 216.39 Tm (This technology, based on the Internet of Things, allows you to control the operation of a heating boiler) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 201.39 Tm (or boiler and a refrigerator, stove, washing machine, and even a simple lamp in a lamp.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 179.39 Tm (Transmitting and executive devices are connected both through a wired connection and wireless data) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 164.39 Tm (transmission nodes, for example, via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. Thus, anyone who has the application and is) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 149.39 Tm (logged in as a user can easily manage the engineering support of the building from anywhere in the) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 134.39 Tm (world where there is an Internet signal.) Tj ET BT /F2 15 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 106.39 Tm (What operating components and assemblies do HVAC include?) Tj ET q 0.86 0.88 0.92 RG 1 w 46 42 m 549.28 42 l S Q BT /F1 8.4 Tf 0.42 0.45 0.5 rg 1 0 0 1 46 30 Tm (TechRounder | Page 1 of 3) Tj ET BT /F1 7.2 Tf 0.42 0.45 0.5 rg 1 0 0 1 46 19 Tm (https://www.techrounder.com/pdf/blog/how-internet-of-things-technologies-helps-hvac-systems.pdf) Tj ET endstream endobj 7 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] /Resources << /Font << /F1 3 0 R /F2 4 0 R >> >> /Contents 8 0 R >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Length 6679 >> stream BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 789.89 Tm (The smart HVAC system, regardless of the type of engineering equipment, connection, and other) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 774.89 Tm (parameters, includes the following main components that are interconnected to ensure the normal) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 759.89 Tm (operation of all engineering equipment of the building, as well as remote control:) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 737.89 Tm (- The main detail is the sensors that respond to temperature and air humidity, and their operation may) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 724.09 Tm (depend on a pre-set period. Sensors can also analyze the number of people in the room, determining the) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 710.29 Tm (need for oxygen or energy resources at the current time. Sensors are installed directly on the control) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 696.49 Tm (module of the heating, ventilation, or air conditioning device, integrated into the main algorithm of each unit.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 682.69 Tm (Data is transmitted via wired or wireless communication to the actuator from the sensors.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 665.89 Tm (- The HVAC system control panel is necessary to activate the sensor and switch its operating modes.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 652.09 Tm (Controllers can be installed both in the software of the executive device and separately, for example, next) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 638.29 Tm (to the electrical panel. responsible for the power supply and safety of the engineering equipment of the) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 624.49 Tm (building.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 607.69 Tm (- A personal computer, laptop, smartphone, tablet, and any other mobile gadget with a screen that allows you) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 593.89 Tm (to read the information in real-time and take action by setting a specific set of commands for feedback) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 580.09 Tm (from engineering units.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 563.29 Tm (All sensors and controllers are inextricably linked to the control panel of the unit itself. This allows the) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 548.29 Tm (consumer or operator to send a return command from his mobile device, which will be read and) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 533.29 Tm (recognized by the duplicate receiving module. At the final stage, the user's command in the form of a) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 518.29 Tm (signal activates the heater, fan motor, and other device mechanisms.) Tj ET BT /F2 15 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 490.29 Tm (What are the benefits of implementing an HVAC system in building) Tj ET BT /F2 15 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 471.29 Tm (engineering?) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 447.29 Tm (Most modern engineering companies that install, connect, and commission engineering equipment in) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 432.29 Tm (buildings and structures for various purposes strongly recommend their customers to use the HVAC) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 417.29 Tm (system, as it provides a large number of undeniable advantages:) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 395.29 Tm (- Savings on the consumption of energy resources, thanks to their rational consumption.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 378.49 Tm (- HVAC is configured so that energy consumption is provided exactly in the amount required by the) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 364.69 Tm (environmental parameters.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 347.89 Tm (- During the operation of the equipment, as well as during the change of modes and power, not only the) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 334.09 Tm (temperature and humidity of the air are taken into account, but also such important parameters as the) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 320.29 Tm (content of carbon dioxide, general air pollution, the number of people in the room, time of day or) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 306.49 Tm (seasonality.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 289.69 Tm (- Automated switching of the settings of each device, due to which a special power engineer on duty is no) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 275.89 Tm (longer required to control the engineering equipment of the building, and the work does not depend on the) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 262.09 Tm (human factor.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 245.29 Tm (- Errors that often lead to increased costs and other unpleasant consequences are almost eliminated.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 228.49 Tm (- The intelligent application allows not only to monitor the operation of each heater or air conditioner but) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 214.69 Tm (also to change their settings differentially, which makes it easy to raise the temperature in one room and) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 200.89 Tm (provide a cool microclimate in another, that is, when installing HVAC, zoning of the devices is provided.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 184.09 Tm (- It is essential to simplify the balancing of the system at different times of the year, which was previously) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 170.29 Tm (a problem for every engineer when switching heating systems in thermal centers from winter to summer) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 156.49 Tm (mode, and vice versa.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 139.69 Tm (- Automated control over the consumption of all resources and providing a comfortable microclimate,) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 125.89 Tm (depending on the time of day. No longer will business owners have to pay extra for running central air at) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 112.09 Tm (night in an empty office or store at the end of the working day.) Tj ET q 0.86 0.88 0.92 RG 1 w 46 42 m 549.28 42 l S Q BT /F1 8.4 Tf 0.42 0.45 0.5 rg 1 0 0 1 46 30 Tm (TechRounder | Page 2 of 3) Tj ET BT /F1 7.2 Tf 0.42 0.45 0.5 rg 1 0 0 1 46 19 Tm (https://www.techrounder.com/pdf/blog/how-internet-of-things-technologies-helps-hvac-systems.pdf) Tj ET endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.28 841.89] /Resources << /Font << /F1 3 0 R /F2 4 0 R >> >> /Contents 10 0 R >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Length 5592 >> stream BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 789.89 Tm (- More and more specialists and engineers are appearing on the services market who are ready to take) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 776.09 Tm (such systems into balance, which will provide full control over the condition of the building equipment) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 762.29 Tm (around the clock. Please note that these operators tend to charge low rates, as the staff does not have to) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 748.49 Tm (make time-consuming detours and manually change settings.) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 731.69 Tm (- The same applies to the diagnostics of units - information about the breakdown is instantly sent to the) Tj ET BT /F1 10.5 Tf 0.2 0.23 0.28 rg 1 0 0 1 46 717.89 Tm (actuator's screen, which provides increased maintainability of engineering systems.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 701.09 Tm (Among the disadvantages of this equipment is only the need for one-time costs for the premises) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 686.09 Tm (owner, which pay off already in the first year due to significant energy savings. According to) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 671.09 Tm (statistics, in recent years, only in the UK, the number of new customers of companies involved in) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 656.09 Tm (installing HVAC systems is at least 0.5 million people per year, and this figure continues to grow) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 641.09 Tm (rapidly.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 619.09 Tm (According to numerous opinion polls, up to 80% of customers are delighted with their new building) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 604.09 Tm (management and engineering systems, which proves the effectiveness of HVAC.) Tj ET BT /F2 15 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 576.09 Tm (What problems can arise with an HVAC system, and how can they be) Tj ET BT /F2 15 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 557.09 Tm (avoided?) Tj ET BT /F2 13 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 527.09 Tm (1: Intruders infiltrate the system) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 505.09 Tm (Solution: HVAC is based on IoT, that is, on the operation of a data transmission channel. The more) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 490.09 Tm (secure a given communication bridge, the less likely cyberattacks occur. Some users, owners of) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 475.09 Tm (large businesses, whose zeal is associated with the turnover of many funds, seek to create VPNs that) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 460.09 Tm (completely protect the entire system from the outside world.) Tj ET BT /F2 13 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 432.09 Tm (2: The sensor and the actuator are incompatible with each other.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 410.09 Tm (Solution: This problem often happens when the owner of engineering systems tries to save money and) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 395.09 Tm (tie up new generation switches, actuators, scanners, or mobile applications to already existing modules) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 380.09 Tm (installed many years ago. Experts warn that for the normal operation of all systems in the building,) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 365.09 Tm (only fully compatible programmable modules, sensors, and actuators are required.) Tj ET BT /F2 13 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 337.09 Tm (3: Problem with reading information by the operator.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 315.09 Tm (Solution: It is recommended to choose or develop only applications that work interactively, with) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 300.09 Tm (graphical diagrams, and have straightforward controls. This eliminates the need to involve highly) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 285.09 Tm (qualified staff to control the performance of engineering equipment.) Tj ET BT /F2 13 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 257.09 Tm (4: Incorrect operation of sensors.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 235.09 Tm (Solution: It should be noted that sensors and actuators are independent of each other and operate) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 220.09 Tm (according to individual algorithms. Before starting work, it is necessary to configure them correctly,) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 205.09 Tm (set the desired pace, and ensure full synchronization of actions without delays.) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 183.09 Tm (Thus, the HVAC system greatly facilitates the work of operators who control the functioning of) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 168.09 Tm (engineering equipment in a building of any category. Furthermore, after integrating automated IoT) Tj ET BT /F1 11 Tf 0.14 0.16 0.2 rg 1 0 0 1 46 153.09 Tm (modules into each unit, the facility owner will experience cost savings within a few months.) Tj ET BT /F2 13 Tf 0.08 0.1 0.14 rg 1 0 0 1 46 125.09 Tm (References) Tj ET BT /F1 10 Tf 0.18 0.2 0.24 rg 1 0 0 1 46 105.09 Tm (1. euristiq.com - smart-hvac-systems - https://euristiq.com/smart-hvac-systems/) Tj ET q 0.86 0.88 0.92 RG 1 w 46 42 m 549.28 42 l S Q BT /F1 8.4 Tf 0.42 0.45 0.5 rg 1 0 0 1 46 30 Tm (TechRounder | Page 3 of 3) Tj ET BT /F1 7.2 Tf 0.42 0.45 0.5 rg 1 0 0 1 46 19 Tm (https://www.techrounder.com/pdf/blog/how-internet-of-things-technologies-helps-hvac-systems.pdf) Tj ET endstream endobj xref 0 11 0000000000 65535 f 0000000015 00000 n 0000000064 00000 n 0000000133 00000 n 0000000203 00000 n 0000000278 00000 n 0000000420 00000 n 0000005962 00000 n 0000006104 00000 n 0000012834 00000 n 0000012977 00000 n trailer << /Size 11 /Root 1 0 R >> startxref 18621 %%EOF